The Many Benefits Of Owning A Dvr

Writen by Michael Casamento

Has This Ever Happened To You? OK.. it's Friday night, the kids are asleep, and a movie you've been waiting for is on Pay-Per-View for the first time. You buy the movie, grab a bag of popcorn, get all comfy on the couch, and ten minutes into the movie "RINGGGG" it's the _______ phone!!! (you fill in the blank).

Well, you can either:

1)Let the answering machine get it

2)Answer it yourself and miss the movie

3)Hit pause, answer the phone, talk for 20 minutes, then resume watching the movie exactly where you left off!

If you answered #3 then you must have a DVR in the family. LIFE IS GOOD!

For those unfamiliar with DVR's a short introduction is in order. The initials "DVR" are short for Digital Video Recorder. In a nutshell, a DVR is the modern day equivalent of a VCR with one major difference... it does not use tape. A DVR records audio and video onto a hard drive where they are stored in digital format. DVR's take recording to a whole new level by enabling you to pause, rewind, slo-mo, and instant replay live TV broadcasts, a priceless feature to have when watching sporting events or Pay-Per-View movies.

Can a DVR really change the way you live your life? Well, you'd be surprised about all the benefits adding a Digital Video Recorder to your Home Entertainment system can have. A DVR is one of those rare products that can have such a profound impact on the way we live our lives that we'll find ourselves wondering how we ever lived without it. Following is a list of some of the major benefits a DVR can add to your TV viewing experience, along with a brief explanation.

Take control of a live TV broadcast: One of the features that helped make DVR's famous is their power to control a live TV broadcast. By buffering the satellite signal, your DVR can pause, rewind, and slo-motion a live TV broadcast. When your done you can resume the program without missing a thing.

Never miss your favorite shows again: If your schedule doesn't permit you to be around to watch your favorite shows, just program your DVR to record them for you so you can watch them at your convenience.

Put an end to family squabbles: With a DVR in your life family arguments over who gets to watch their favorite shows on the big screen TV are a thing of the past.

Two of your favorite shows on at the same time? No Problem: If your DVR is equipped with dual tuners, you can have it record one show while you watch the other. If you are not going to be home, you can have your DVR record both shows (even though they are on at the same time) and watch them at your convenience.

More powerful yet Easier to use than a VCR: Most DVR's include a feature rich Program Guide that can extend up to 14 days into the future. The DVR functions are then seamlessly integrated into the guide to make recording your favorite shows a snap.

Skip over annoying commercials: With a DVR there's no need to sit through annoying commercials any more. While watching a recorded show, just hit the fast forward button and they'll fly right by. Some DVR's can fast forward in 30 second segments making it even easier to skip over unwanted commercials.

Play your MP3 music files over your sound system: If you've got an extensive array of MP3 music files on your PC, you can transfer them to your networked DVR and play them through your home entertainment system.

Watch digital photos on your big screen TV: Are you tired of having to huddle around a tiny computer monitor to view your digital photos? With a networked DVR, everyone can get comfortable and enjoy digital photos right on your big screen TV.

Both DirecTV and DISH Network offer Satellite receivers with Digital Video Recorders built right in. In addition, many cable providers are also beginning to offer this technology to their customers. Once you live with a DVR, I can almost guarantee that you'll wonder how you ever got along without it.

© Written By: Michael Casamento

Michael Casamento is the founder of SatelliteTVSmarts.com offering comprehensive comparisons, along with the latest News, Deals, and Information on Digital Satellite TV, and Internet Access.

For more information visit: http://www.satellitetvsmarts.com

This article may be freely reproduced so long as the above resource box is included in its entirety.

Size Doesnt Count Noise Canceling Headphones

Writen by Steve Joseph

When looking at noise canceling headphones consumer usually goes for the larger model due to the idea size does count. However noise canceling headphones have changed as the market has broadened not only in price rage but also with shapes and sizes. So step aside Bose QuietComfort 2 headphones here comes AKG's ultra lightweight K28 Noise Canceling headphones, and their comfortable travel friendly design, aren't going to bust your budget unlike other well known brands.

Receiving rave reviews this excellent design will knock the socks off not only your noise canceling experience but also your listening experience. With a massive bass response these headphones disables background noise at the flick of a switch powered by a single AAA battery, these headphones will cancel noise just as well as the big guys. So you can listen to all your favorites whether it be Mozart, R&B or the Rolling Stones without being disturbed by background noise.

Our daily environment is so full of stress and clutter, that the K28's durable design provides a welcome escape with excellent comfort in addition to its unique 3D-Axis folding mechanism and it takes up almost no space in your traveling bag. A big plus is that designed for loud transportation, this innovation is supplied with accessories including dual-pronged airline adapter, a gold plated 1/8inch stereo adapter jack, and a black cloth carry bag. It shows that when designed the manufacturer had in mind for its use to be lightweight comfortable.

One drawback that you have to consider when going small is the compromise of trying to encompass the noise canceling technology into the visibly smaller ear cups. Because the earphones could not hold the noise canceling parts without compromising space, AKG K28's have put the canceling system in a separate in-line active noise reduction two part filter, battery pack that's fitted with a belt clip. This leaves the issue of excess cord but when it comes to peace and quiet the compromise is worth every bit of it.

The author is a regular contributor to http://www.cancellingnoise.com and permission to reproduce this article is given only on the basis that all links remain active and intact.

Using Your Ipod In Your Car

Writen by Mark Shead

Using an iPod in your car can be difficult if you aren't familiar with the different options. Here are six ways to listen to your iPod inside your car.

• Use Headphones - I have seen many people do this. It is not a safe way to listen to your iPod in your car. If you do this, you should make sure you always leave one ear free to listen to traffic.
• Cassette Adapter - For $10 to $15 you can find a cassette adapter that plugs into your car stereo tape player. While these work fairly well, the sound quality is not very good.
• Radio Transmitter - There are devices that plug into your iPod and transmit to your car stereo. The quality isn't particularly great, but it is a simple way to play your iPod through your car stereo without dealing with wires or complicated setup. Not all vehicles have stereo's that can receive these type of transmissions, so you will have to test it to make sure it will work for you.
• Auxiliary Input - Many car stereo's have an input jack that you can plug the iPod's headphone connector into. This gives good sound, but still requires you to use the iPod controls to change songs.
• Stereo Integration - Some car stereos can talk directly to your iPod. With this type of integration, you can control the iPod just like the radio.
• Stereo Integration Add-on Box - Some stereos are compatible with third-party add-on boxes that connect between the iPod and your stereo. Usually these boxes plug into the CD changer input and allow you to treat your iPod as if it were a CD changer.

The Digital501 website offers insights into dealing with technology lifestyle issues. You can find more articles like this one at: http://www.digital501.com/. If you liked this article you may be particularly interested in the expanded version called Six ways to Play an Ipod in your Car.

Keeping Passwords Secure

Writen by S. Housley

As the web has evolved, so have the methods of collecting personal information. A large number of websites require visitors to register to gain access or participate. While the need for registration is understandable, tracking user names and passwords can be burdensome. Consider using software to store your passwords, in a safe accessible manner.

Most websites have privacy policies, but the value of privacy statements are only as honorable as the people behind the websites. Here are suggestions for keeping passwords and your information secure:

1. change your password frequently

2. never share your password with anyone

3. try to choose a password so it doesn't need to be written down, but not so obvious others would easily guess the password

4. be sure your password is at least 6 characters

5. don't use a password containing all the same characters

6. don't send your password via email or provide it over the phone

7. don't use pet, family or friend names

8. don't use your telephone number, zip code or address

9. use a different password for each account

10. don't use user name

11. deactivate accounts for terminated employees

12. don't allow shared accounts

13. password contains upper, lowercase letters, non-letter characters and numbers

Resources

Password Software - http://www.password-software.com

Passwords are not foolproof. Do not rely on a password alone to protect sensitive information. Monitor accounts closely to ensure that security is not breached.

About The Author

Sharon Housley manages marketing for NotePage, Inc. http://www.notepage.net a company specializing in alphanumeric paging, SMS and wireless messaging software solutions. Other sites by Sharon can be found at http://www.softwaremarketingresource.com , and http://www.small-business-software.net

How To Buy A Desktop Computer Online

Writen by Jo Williams

The internet has ushered in a new way for companies and customers to do business. Where it once was considered rare to order a product online, it has now become the norm. The computer industry is made up of many quality companies that all offer their products online. But if you are in the market for a desktop computer, how can you be sure that you are making the right decision? In this article, we'll simplify the process so that you know how to buy a desktop computer online.

The good news in buying desktop computers today is that you are able to get a lot of capabilities at a very affordable price. It wasn't too long ago that desktop computers would cost thousands of dollars, but that is no longer the case. Now, you are able to receive a high quality desktop computer for as low as $500, sometimes even lower. Now that you know price won't play too much of a factor, the first determination you have to make when buying a desktop computer online is what you intend to use the system for.

If you are planning on buying a computer for basic tasks such as word processing and surfing the internet, there is really no need to buy an expensive model. Most basic desktop computers offer 512MB RAM (memory), and this should be more than enough to serve your needs. With that being said, it is best to buy a desktop computer with atleast 1GB of RAM, because you may need it later on down the road. While you might pay a few extra dollars for the memory, it is well worth it.

However, if you plan on using the computer for optimized gaming and video, you will definitely need to boost the quality of your system. Most of these higher-end desktop computers still cost less than $1000, and these babies can fly. If you are the type of person who doesn't like to wait, then it is all about the processor. If you are ultra-serious about your gaming and video, you would be best served to buy a computer with a dual –core processor. Dual core processors allow for insanely fast multi-tasking, and are perfect for those people who have the need for speed. Intel makes several of these processors (4, D, and Extreme Edition being a few) as does Athlon (64 X2).

Frankly, the rest of the details regarding the desktop computer are of lesser importance, and they should be more than adequate depending upon your individual needs. One final note regarding your computer choice – it is recommended you buy an extra warranty. This could save you big money if something should go wrong with the computer down the line.

Now, let's turn our attention towards the actual purchasing of the computer. It is vital that you choose the company wisely, and the best way is by doing an adequate amount of research. Most high-end companies (Dell, Gateway, HP) have products that can be trusted, but that's not to say you should limit your thinking to only the major players. There are many quality computer companies out there that may be flying under the radar.

When placing an order online, it is important to protect your personal information at all times. It is best to only do business with companies that offer a secure server at the online checkout. There are several encryption services (VeriSign being one) that will make sure your personal information stays safe. Make sure the web site you order from has such a measure in place.

Hopefully, these tips on how to buy a desktop computer online will help you make the right choice based on your individual needs. Remember to get a desktop computer that has all the features you need, and do your homework before actually turning over your payment information. Good luck!

Jo Williams has an interest in Home & Garden related topics. To access more information on desktop computer cases or on used desktop computer, please click on the links.

Utilizing Your Entire Music Libraryhow To Put The Music Into The Computer

Writen by Mike Singh

Before a person begins to organize their music and have it available at a touch of a button, they should check and see if they have the right things to get started: a computer with a hard drive, a CD burner, and the broadband Internet connection. Any computer will work, unless an excuse is needed to get a new one. If so, make sure the computer has a CD burner. If the old one will hang on for awhile, purchase a cheap CD burner and have someone hook it up for you - like the teenage son or daughter who is quite adept at this sort of thing.

Make sure your Internet connection is fast - because it is an extremely crucial step. Broadband is better than dial-up, so talk with your Internet provider to make sure you have the one you want and need. When it is ready, download the software to start your organizing. Many people recommend iTunes for the beginners, as it will still rip, burn, download, organize, search, and most of all ...collect the music. It is an Apple product, but works through both PCs and Macs, and is a basic simple procedure program. Once the download is finished, it will take care of itself. Put a CD in the computer, and let it run on its own. Instantly, the software should do the work - the CD should recognize itself, list the track information along with the names of each track. The option of importing the music of the CD to your computer will be offered to you. Just do what it says.

The format window will come up, with a request to you. If possible, choose MP3 192vbr as the perfect balance between saving space and sound quality. The thing to remember is not to be afraid - step into it and take practice shots. Dabble around and practice ripping tunes with your own CDs until all the tracks are on the computer. The sound of the music on the computer will be different than through your stereo. You many, or may not, enjoy it as usually work is done on the computer. And if you are a beginner, make a play list on the new jukebox. More songs will fit on the new computer than on the purchased CD.

A few things to consider:

1. What format are the songs going to be in when you put them on your digital audio player? For instance, if all the files you are going to put on your player are downloaded and in MP3 format, then you'll get about half as many downloaded to your player as you would if the files were WMA. If you are simply going to rip your CDs to your computer and then sync with your player then make sure the player is WMA compatible.

2. Based on the type of music you listen to, about how long are the types of songs you listen to? Some of us love eighties metal bands, but some Metallica songs far exceed the seven or eight minute mark and most manufacturer specifications for how many songs you can fit on a hard or flash drive player are based on four minute song length. You may get less than you bargained for if you don't do your research.

3. How long do you plan on spending to rip the songs to your computer before syncing? If you are like most people, you buy some albums for all the songs, but most of the time, you buy for just a couple of really good tracks. The more time you spend selecting the tracks to put on your player instead of ripping the whole thing, could save you a lot of space for just the songs that you like or will listen to.

Consider all of the above and you will get the most out of your music library. If you get the most out of your music library then you'll love your new digital audio player.

Check out http://www.mp3playertop.com/ for more articles on RCA MP3 Players and ipod battery.

How To Differentiate Between Laser Printers Amp Inkjet Printers

Writen by Bobby Hudson

You require a new printer but you do not know whether to buy an inkjet or a laser printer, as you are not aware of the differences between the two. Each user or organisation is faced with the dilemma while buying a new printer. Most customers operate under strict budgetary constraints and it is only normal to consider initial purchase costs and space limitations. However, it is prudent to take into consideration the long-term operating costs associated with the particular printer.

The choice of printer will, largely, depend on your requirements. Inkjet printers are usually ideal for home users who have limited text and photo printing needs. Laser printers are better suited to larger office environments with high-volume and high-quality printing requirements.

The differences between a laser and an inkjet printer are generally categorised into a few broad segments, namely, cost (initial and maintenance), speed, quality, space and networking facilities. It is also essential to understand the technology behind the manufacturing of the laser toners and ink cartridges as this is a major contributing factor towards the cost.

Difference in Technology & Networking Facilities between Inkjet and Laser Printers -

The technology used for inkjet cartridges is simpler and the parts are less expensive than the laser toners. The black inkjet cartridge has only black ink. The color inkjet printer contains two main ink cartridges, for black and other primary colors respectively. The primary colors are then divided into three compartments for cyan, magenta and yellow ink. The primary colors are consequently mixed to produce all other colors. The cartridge contains a reservoir which has compartments with metal plates and a number of tiny nozzles on the print head of the cartridge. The number of holes or nozzles depends on the resolution of the printer. It is usually 21 – 128 nozzles per color. The ink gets heated, when the current starts flowing through the metal plates, after the print command is given. The heat causes vapor bubbles to form inside the cartridge and make the ink swell up. The ink then flows out in droplets from the nozzles onto the paper in a few milliseconds. A vacuum is created (once the ink droplet flows out) which draws more ink into the nozzles ensuring a steady supply of droplets as required. This common technique is called Thermal Inkjet and the coinage of the name 'BubbleJets' by Canon has been due to the bubbling vapors.

The Laser toners use a more elaborate and complex technology. A powder called Toner is used by laser printers, fax machines and photocopiers to print text and images on laser and photo paper. Initially carbon powder was used but now manufacturers use disposable cartridges which can sometimes be refilled. For the laser toners, individual carbon particles are mixed in a polymer which melt in heat. This binds to the fibers in the paper. The laser printers consist of the printer toner and the drum. The positively charged toner gets attracted to the negatively charged drum. The toner is transferred to the paper by the drum. The toner contains special wax that melts and dries in milliseconds. When the toner is transferred, the fuser applies heat and pressure to make a durable image. The fuser system is made up of the hot-roll and the back-up roller.

The high-end laser printers generally come with networking facilities for you to connect to your computer network directly. This cuts down additional costs associated with networking, as is the case with ink printers. The ink printers cannot be linked to a network directly. Networking has to be via a computer, therefore more expensive.

The laser printers are larger in size than the inkjet printers. The latter is, therefore, space saving and ideal for the home and small office users.

Difference of Quality & Color between Laser and Inkjet Printers -

Since Inkjet Printers spill out tiny droplets of ink to print, the resolution is lower than the laser printers. Laser Printers printer better quality text, as their resolution is higher. High resolution also helps the laser printers create precise fonts without fuzzy edges. However, the cost-effective inkjet printers are usually recommended for inexpensive color printing. These can print high quality text, large photo prints, graphics, banners and greeting cards at less than half the price of a color laser printer. Nevertheless, it should also be seen if the cost of ink and paper suits your maintenance budget. Laser printers are capable of producing good quality prints on all kinds of printing paper but the inkjet printers will require inkjet paper to produce good quality prints without any fuzzy edge brought about by 'bleeding'.

Difference in Speed between Ink and Laser Printers -

If laser printers lose out to their inkjet counterparts on account of price, they are way ahead when it comes to speed of printing. Users who need large volumes of printing also prefer the laser printers. Laser printers are more suited to general office use than the inkjets. The least expensive laser printer can print around 10 to 15 pages per minute. The inkjets are usually rated on the speed of draft or quick printing mode, which is suitable only for proofreading purposes. The HP Deskjet 5650, which is a fast color inkjet printer, prints at a speed of 21 ppm Black, 15 ppm Color in the draft mode. However, the speed drops considerably when high quality black text is printed and it also takes longer to print a letter-sized quality photo.

Difference in Cost between Ink and Laser Printers -

The most important factor governing the choice of a printer is – cost. The cost can have two sub-categories – initial cost and operating cost- - which finally becomes the deciding factors in a purchase of a consumer item. The inkjet printers have a low initial cost but a higher maintenance cost when compared to the high initial purchase cost and low operating cost of a laser printer. The price of a monochrome laser printer can range from $ 130 (e.g. Brother HL2040) to over $ 3,000 (e.g. HP Q3721A Laserjet 9050) and the price range of color laser printers can be from $ 350 (e.g. Samsung CLP 510) to over $ 6,000 (e.g. HP Q3717A Laserjet 5550hdn). Conversely, the cost of color inkjet printers can range from approximately $ 35 (e.g. HP 9067A Deskjet 3930) to $ 2,000 (e.g. HP C7791D Designjet 130NR). However, laser printers are a better option for long-term office use. They are designed to handle high volumes and have a higher capacity of ink or toner. The ink cartridges require to be replaced often if you print a considerable amount regularly. The toner cartridges, though more expensive than the ink cartridges, hardly need to be replaced. This lowers the total cost per page. The out put of laser printers is good even on cheap paper whereas inkjet printers require special inkjet paper for quality output and this also depends on the grade and type of paper being used.

Cheap recycled or third party ink or toner cartridges are readily available in the market, the use of which reduces the maintenance cost to a great extent. However, you have to be careful while buying these when producing high quality photos and also be sure that the use of these does not cancel your warranty. Since ink cartridges of some new inkjet printers contain computer chips, you may not be able to use recycled or third party cartridges for that particular printer.

Keeping the above factors in mind, it is advisable to calculate the total cost of ownership before purchasing a printer. The initial purchase cost of an inkjet printer may be low but the cost as consumables like paper and ink may exceed your budget. The slow speed and variable print quality of the inkjets are also deterrents. Laser printers are definitely a better buy when the requirements are that of high print quality, speed, high volume and low operating cost over a long period of use.

Bobby Hudson is the writer of all articles for Databazaar.com, an online retailer of printer supplies and storage media and other guide sites. She is also a free-lance web-designer and technical writer.

What You Should Know About Cleaning Your Computer

Writen by Robert Emler

What a lot of computer owners don't realize is how important it is to keep your computer clean. Cleaning your computer is almost all the time considered not to be a priority of any computer owner. Why? I have to believe that it's lack of knowledge. In other words not a full understanding what the fuse is all about.

A computer is a very delicate piece of equipment. The computer works hard to entertain you, and serve your bidding. While your computer is doing all this it is running or is turned on. When the computer is on, all the components inside of the computer are working causing the computer to get hot. Depending on what you are doing on your computer at any given time, will in a lot of cases depend on how hot the computer will get.

Cooling is a very important part of your computer system. If your computer gets to hot things start to happen, bad things. Things that you don't really don't want going on inside your computer. In other words computer components will brake or burnt out. This will render them useless. Meaning they will have to be replaced.

The biggest cooling threat to all computers is dust. When a computer is on the components inside the computer are electrically charged. It's the electrically charged components that attract the dust in side of your computer. What happens when you leave the dust unattended in side your computer? It will build up on the computer components, and especially the computer processor heat sink. When the dust builds up on the computer components, they can no longer breathe or circulate the much needed cooler air that allows computer components to cool down. If your computer components can not cool down they will simply break down.

You should try and get the most you can out of your computer. You can increase your chances of achieving that goal with a simple cleaning. I recommend a good cleaning at least once a month. This would also depend on your environment. The reason why I recommend cleaning the inside of the computer once a month is that it makes the cleaning job easier by decreasing the dust build up inside the computer.

Robert Emler: In house computer assembler. I enjoy my computer and lik everyone else, hope to get the most for my money.You can find more helpful hints and solutions to problems about computers by going to. http://pcextream.com

New Cd And Dvd Technology Bluray And Hddvd

Writen by Jason Cole

The compact disc has been around since 1978, developed by Phillips and Sony. The reason it was developed was to take over for the Laserdisc as the industry standard digital audio disc. Since its invention, we have seen many updates on the compact disc technology. The most recent being the CD-R and DVD discs. With the CD-R, you can now burn your own discs at home, and then modify those discs at a later date. DVD technology allows us to record video onto a disc, where we used to only be able to record audio and data. As time rolls by, and the disc industry advances, we are presented with new forms of these technologies. The two new contenders are Blu-Ray discs and HD-DVD, here's a little information about each of these new disc types.

1. Blu-Ray

This type of disc, also known as Blu-Ray Disc, is the next generation of optical disc. It was developed by the Blu-Ray Disc Association, a group of consumer electronic/PC/media manufacturers, including: Apple, HP, Mitsubishi, Phillips, Sony, and others. The Blu-Ray disc type was mainly developed for recording, rewriting, and playing back high-definition (HD) video. It's also perfect for storing large amounts of data, exceeding previous DVD-R disc storage capabilities. It can hold more than 5 times the amount of information that a traditional DVD can hold, up to 25GB single layer, and up to 50GB dual layer. One of the main differences of the Blu-Ray disc is the type of laser that the disc is read with. Normal DVDs are read with a red laser, the Blu-Ray discs are read with a blue-violet laser. The main benefit of this change is the wave length of the laser types. The traditional red laser has a wider focus, so the blue-violet laser can be focused more precisely allowing more tightly packed data. This equals more data in less space on the disc, this results in the additional storage space available on the new Blu-Ray discs. These new discs are backwards compatible with regular DVDs, which they are expected to replace in the near future.

2. HD-DVD

HD-DVD discs, High Definition Versatile Discs or High Definition Digital Video Discs, are very similar to the Blu-Ray discs. This disc type is being developed by a group of consumer electronics/PC companies, headed by Toshiba. They also use a blue-violet laser to read the contents of the disc, which results in an increase in storage capacity compared to normal DVD discs. The HD-DVD can store 15GB single layer and 30GB double layer, making their storage capacity 10GB per layer smaller than the Blu-Ray. But Toshiba has announced a triple layer disc that can hold 45GB of information, and the HD DVD discs can hold both HD DVD and regular DVD information on one disc.

Right now these two disc types are battling it out to become the next generation of DVD disc technology, conjuring up images of the battle between Betamax and VHS in the 80's. I guess we're all wondering who's going to come out on top? In my honest opinion, I believe that Blu-Ray will become the new standard. Both disc types offer HD capability and large data storage capacity, so it's kind of hard to say which is better. The Blu-Ray, with its greater maximum storage capacity and the fact that it's being backed by more of the large consumer electronic/PC/media manufacturers, I believe will win the battle. But it's all still up in the air, so only time will tell.

Jason Cole and DiskFaktory offer great tips and information regarding CD Duplication. Get info about DVD Duplication as well by visiting http://www.diskfaktory.com/tips/CD-duplication-tutorials.asp

Animated Screensavers

Writen by Kevin Stith

Animated Screensavers can be very entertaining to watch, and if they are accompanied by an interesting music score, they can actually take the user's mind off work. Usually, animations coded in Flash, which is a software application, are converted into screensavers. Children love Animated Screensavers with their favorite cartoon characters. They also like animations derived from their favorite movies and television shows. Animated Screensavers add a touch of humor to their surroundings, especially when users work in high-pressure jobs.

People working in creative fields, such as advertising and graphic designing, and students in different stages of education tend to choose Animated Screensavers. Advertising professionals and graphic artists are inclined to choose animated ones because their jobs involve communicating precise messages in a short span of time. It is no surprise, therefore, that animations with messages appeal to them the most. Sometimes, these also trigger ideas that they can use in their work. Often, they are in challenging situations, and the sight of a zany animation eases the tension, and helps them get back into their assigned work. The same applies to students, especially those in college.

While working on term papers, especially when the deadline is really close, the sight of a crazy animation on screen in the middle of a serious assignment can be relaxing, inspiring and entertaining. In the student community, the sharing and exchange of screensavers is also an interesting phenomenon. A freshly downloaded screensaver in the dorm, especially an animated one, can attract a lot of attention all around, and get the individual who has discovered it a momentary "whiz kid" status. Just as students exchange games, images and software utilities, they also exchange screensavers.

However, a lot of caution needs to be exercised before installing a screensaver, irrespective of whether it is downloaded or taken from a friend. Not all screensavers are compatible with all operating systems. Also, sometimes Animated Screensavers occupy a lot of space on the user's computer and use up several resources when run. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the screensaver has been procured from a trusted source, and can be supported by the configuration of the user's computer.

All screensavers must also be scanned for viruses and other infections. Screensavers that are graphic-intensive have been known to cause temporary damage, such as loss of unsaved data when the computer freezes, as well as permanent damage, such as the loss of data when the computer crashes. Therefore, before installing Animated Screensavers, users must take precautions to ensure their computers are protected.

Screensavers provides detailed information about screensavers, free screensavers, nature screensavers, animated screensavers and more. Screensavers is the sister site of Computer Projector Rentals.

Preventive And Maintenace Tips For Your Pc

Writen by Robert Desacada

Personal Computer or PC is a very essential tool in our present lives. We can do so many things with this powerful machine. Store our important files and document, play our favorite music, watch movies, transact online business, shop online, chat with our friends and relatives anywhere in the world and a lot more. So it is a must for every Computer user to know some Preventive and Maintenance steps to prolong the life of our Computers.

Here are some Contributors to Computer Failure.

1. Excessive Temperature
2. Dust Build-up
3. Noise Interference
4. Power line problems
5. Corrosion
6. Magnetic Fields

How to counter the Effects of Heat:

Reset the socketed chips if intermittent failures occur
Keep the cooling vents clear
Keep the PC dust free inside and outside
Do your preventive and maintenance actions regularly
Install an external cooling fan if the system operation becomes intermittent

How to Counter the Effects of Dust:

Use dust covers
Keep windows closed
No smoking near your PC
No crumb producing foods
near the PC
No liquids on any equipment
Vacuum the system and the area weekly
Clean the monitor screen to avoid static.

How to Counter Noise Interference

Proper Grounding
Filtering
Wiring Improvements (Shielding)
Avoid use of high power equipment.

Preventing Power Line Problems;

Use Isolators
Regulators
Filters
Auxiliary or Back-Up UPS

How to Prevent Corrosion

Reset the chips periodically
Use emery cloth, rubber eraser or contact cleaner on contacts on motherboard and expansions.

Follow this steps and have a trouble free Computing and a lot of savings in your pocket.

Computer Troubleshooting - Free useful tips and information's on how to repair and troubleshoot Personal Computers. ituloy angsulong - Useful tips and information's about Search Engine Optimization

Defining Your Online Persona

Writen by Cory Holt

When I think about all the tasks I do on the internet and all the great services that I use on a day to day basis, I have realized that my name and information is scattered all over the place. I have decided to try and organize and professionalize my online persona. This article is about my experience with different services and web sites that allow you to do just that. I am sure that there are all kinds of other services that will allow you to show off your stuff but the following sites our my favorite. If you think that I have missed any good services, please post them in the comments.

Organize Yourself

It is often hard to tell whether or not the person who goes by Cory on one website or service is the same Cory that you know from another website or service because it is not always possible to use the same user name for every service. For example, the username "coryholt" might be avalible on flickr but not on a forum that I frequent. It is always better for websites to use your email address as your user name for convience but not all sites are perfect. This is where you run into the problem of using multiple services, but having a long list of usernames.

So after doing a little research, I came across a great website that helps you do just that: keep track of your online persona. In short, ClaimID lets you track and share all the information on the internet that is about you. For example, my ClaimID profile shows links to all of my various pages such as this blog, Teen Tech Talk, and my flickr account as well as all of my profiles that I use such as my LinkedIn resume and my MySpace page.

Other uses include linking to places in which you are referenced for you work such as on a news site or even a CSS design gallery such as CSS Vault.

Now, with this innovative idea comes a new form of plagiarism or a kind of identity theft. Since ClaimID lets you link to pages that you claim to be owned by you or about you, anyone could simply add a link on thier ClaimID profile to teentechtalk.com and suddenly they are now a part of it; or atleast according to ClaimID. That is where MicroID comes in. MicroID is a standards-based way to claim a page that's yours. Basically, in order to verify that a link is genuinely yours, you must paste a block of code somewhere on the page.

Then you just tell the site that you have indeed pasted the code somewhere on your page, and withen an hour or so, the Mirco ID "Ninjas" will search your page looking for that code. Once your page is verified, you'll see a "Verified" mark show up next to your link in your claimID page. So, in the eyes of ClaimID, if you have write access to the page that you are linking to, then you must be the owner of it. Now, that is all fine and dandy, but what about a reference to you on another site that you feel like linking to. Well, there really isn't an answer to that… or atleast not yet.

Other problems that I have run into when trying to verify my various sites and profiles, is that if you are trying to verify your MySpace profile, for example, you are out of luck. When you paste the code that MicroID gives you, MySpace's horrible standards and code strips out important parts of that block of code, making it impossible for you to verify your profile. Also, other services like LinkedIn will not work because they do not allow you to insert the specific HTML tags that are needed for ClaimID to verify your page.

An Online Resume

Resumes have always been one of the most important things you need in order to get a decent job. People focus so much on their resumes because that one peice of paper (or more) is what determines whether or not you are even eligible to get the job that you are applying for. It is the first thing that employers/clients look at before even meeting you, so you want to get it right. Earlier in this post, I mentioned something I called my LinkedIn profile. As of now, it is my official proffesional online resume. LinkedIn is a great service focusing on more than just a plain online page with your experience, education, and what-have-you.

It also allows you to connect with other people that you may have worked with in the past. Once these people are connected with you, they can write endorsements or testimonials about you. According to LinkedIn, people with endorsments from people such as former managers, colleagues and co-workers, customers and clients, and business partners are up to 3x more likely to be found in searches. Not only do they help you get out there and found, but they also make your resume look good.

The only con that I can find with LinkedIn's method of endorsements is that in order for someone to write an endorsement for you, they must have a LinkedIn account for themself. They can't simply send an email or use some other method as I have seen on other online resume websites.

Conclusion

So, as I have said in this article, there are all kinds of great and innovative services out there to get yourself out there and stay organized with who is you and who is not. If you know of any other great services like the ones mentioned above, please leave a link to them in the comments. Thanks for reading.

For more articles like this, please read my blog linked below:

Cory Holt cholt.net

Creative Zen Microphoto 8gb Review

Writen by John Applin

This device was recommended to me by a friend, this is an ipod like device that can store up to 8gb of mp3's as well as photos.

Creative have been manufacturing alternatives to Apple ipods for a while now and this model, the Creative Zen Microphoto, is sold to directly compete with the Apple ipod photo (although the ipod photo comes with a 60gb hard drive).

On first appearances the Zen Microphoto feels well built and sturdy, most of Creative's lineup seem to be built to a high standard which is what you'd expect from any device which costs a significant amount of money. One thing that usually lets devices like this down is the quality of the earphones. A lot of thought usually goes into the device and the bundled earphones seem like they were thought of at the last minute. This isn't the case with the Creative Zen Microphoto however, the earphones feel quality, fit comfortably in the ear, and actually produce a decent sound. One thing that would have been a nice feature is in-line volume controls for volume and track navigation. As it stands you have to root around in your pocket, fish out the Zen, then activate the controls before you can perform any of these tasks, which would become annoying if you were riding a bike or jogging while listening to your music.

Since you have to use the main controls on the Zen you'd expect them to be easy to use, for some reason though Creative have opted for a control panel which consists of 4 touch buttons and a touch slider. You have to tap the buttons or the slider in order to activate the device, then use the slider to navigate through the track listings and menus. Once into the menu function it is self explanatory and easy to navigate, with a nice bright display which is clear and easy to read. What I found in my experience was that the slider was oversensitive and the 4 touch buttons were undersensitive, this proved a little infuriating. One thing I did notice is that there was no stop button, only play and pause. What I think would have been a better option would have been to use simple click buttons for the controls and a classic volume wheel instead of a slider. I can see what creative have tried to do in choosing the buttons and the slider that they have, in trying to keep the lines and style of the device simple, but in doing so have made the zen more difficult to use and ultimately lets the device down.

An aspect that I think Creative needs to seriously look at is when you switch to viewing photos on the zen, the music stops. Quite why this happens I'm not sure but I think this is something that will frustrate a lot of people.

When switching on the Creative Zen Microphoto the edge around front face of the device lights up to compliment the buttons and really does look good.

Creative's choice of navigation buttons for the Zen become evident when switched on as the whole package has a quite a stylish look when illuminated.

The Zen Microphoto comes with a USB lead to connect to a PC, this allows for the easy transfer of music and photos onto the Zen as well as being able to use the Zen as a portable USB storage device for other files which is quite handy. The 8gb hard drive size means there should be sufficient space for most people to carry around their entire music collection.

Conclusion

Good Points Stylish, easy menu navigation, good sound quality, excellent build quality, 8gb hard drive Bad Points No in line volume control or navigation, poor navigation controls, inability to view photos while listening to music.

John's Reviews rating: 6/10

For more reviews, how tos, technical assistance, go to www.johnsreviews.com

Wireless Router Features

Writen by Eric Meyer

BUYING A WIRELESS ROUTER

You might be asking what features should I look for in a wireless router. You will have to ask yourself some questions first.

1. Do you currently have a 802.11b or 802.11g wireless adapter?
2. Do you want to connect remotely to your office network?
3. Do you live in an apartment or house?
4. What security features are you looking for?
5. Do you have desktop computers to connect also?

If you currently have a 802.11g wireless adapter you will want to purchase a 802.11g wireless router so you can maximize your network speed at 54mbps. 802.11g adapters will also connect to 802.11b wireless routers but you will only have a network speed of 11mbps. This speed you still be fine for the majority of users, most public wireless access points use 802.11b.

Connecting securely to your home office will require a technology called a VPN or virtual private network. Most routers will claim to have the ability to use VPN's but when you attempt to connect you receive nothing buy errors. So you will want to purchase a wireless router that will specifically designed for wireless and VPN technology. Once you have purchased your wireless router you need to get the latest firmware updates from the manufacture.

Wireless router security could fill up volumes so I will keep it as "simple" as possible. The following are some basic features that are on most routers:

1. Disabling SSID broadcasting
2. Change your default SSID
3. Enable WEP encryption
4. Enable MAC address filtering

If you enable the above you will discourage most "hackers" from even looking at your wieless network. There are too many wide open networks that don't need any brainwork to get into.

The following are some of the more advanced Security features on newer routers with updated firmware.

1. WPA – WPA is the solution to all of WEP's security flaws. WEP uses one key to for all network traffic. A hacker can exploit this by using a network analyzer to capture the key. WPA changes the key with every data frame so once a hacker captures the key it has already been changed by WPA. WPA uses tools such as TKIP and AES encryption.

2. WPA-PSK (Wireless Protected Area pre shared key) This is really easy to set up just copy your shared key to router and adapter and your set.

3. TKIP – The second best version of encryption for WPA

4. AES – This is the highest version of encryption for WPA

5. WPA –RADIUS uses a RADIUS server to authenticate users which adds another layer of security. Linksys does offer a service to for $5.00 month per user to use their RADIUS server. If you have no clue what you just read then don't worry about it.

Wired security will include NAT ( Network Address Translation) this takes your public IP address and converts it into multiple private IP addresses. Some people consider this a firewall but it isn't because it doesn't block unwanted outgoing addresses.

Another newer feature is Called MIMO (Multi in Multi out) the basic concept of this your router or access point has more that just two antennas which enables your router to receive and send information at a greater rate. This creates signal reflections which could reduce dead spots in your network. Add on top of this SRX technology will automatically have your router switch to the clearest channel instead of staying on a channel with interference. The above will increase your range greatly and the increase the power of your signal.

Another router feature is POE (Power over Ethernet) this is a really good feature for business environment because you power your router through the Ethernet cable, which means you don't need a power outlet.

One feature which is often over looked but one of the coolest features of a wireless router or access point is the ability of act as a wireless bridge. If you have a huge ware house and you need to connect computers on either end of the warehouse you can use a wireless bridge to connect both ends with out running wires.

The main things to remember are: 802.11g is faster than 802.11b, enable the basic security features and finally choose the router that will fit your needs.

Join the most popular wireless networking newsletter on planet. Receive the inside scoop on wireless technolgy for the work place and home http://www.wirelessninja.com

Security Process

Writen by Benjamin Hargis

What is ARBIL?

Asset and Risk Based INFOSEC lifecycle.

To implement a comprehensive security plan in I.T. and strategies for risk management.

What is CIA?

Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability

Confidentiality- making sure your data is available to only those allowed.

Integrity- making sure your data has not been altered in any way. Think bank transactions or chemical formulas.

Availability- making sure your data is available. Hackers often use denial of services attacks to bring down your servers or networks by overloading them with packets.

Hackers use attack trees to determine every possible entrance into your networks. This can be through modems connected to your network, routers, switches, and application vulnerabilities, almost anything connected to your internet.

Make it difficult to determine your OS, which hackers use for Banner Grabbing. This is a simple fix that many systems administrators leave.

Change your banner to display a security warning.

Many people have difficulty understanding security processes alone implementing solutions.

What is SMIRA? Simple methodology for INFOSEC based risk assessment.

Risk management is the practice and process of identifying threats and vulnerabilities to assets. This helps making the correct decisions to implement the necessary safeguards to help your organization carry out its mission.

Organizations should look at threats, vulnerabilities, assets and safeguards.

Risk Assessment

The goal is to have a list of your critical assets. Critical in understanding mission, objectives and operations and what if scenarios.

Then to implement safeguards to protect those assets.

Vulnerability Assessment

This is when you look for vulnerabilities in existing applications and determine there severity. The vulnerabilities will be rated. This includes physical security, web application reviews, policy and procedure reviews, host assessments and OS reviews, and vulnerability scans.

Threat Assessment

This is the process, of identifying existing and potential threats to assets and environments. This will also be based on severity.Where can threats come from? Disgruntled employees, script kiddies, hackers, crackers, foreign governments, and your competition. You can look for threat indicators in your server, logs, CCTV, intrusion detection systems like SNORT. http://www.snort.org

What can threats cause?

Loss of business
Death
Financial loss
Corruption of data.
Inability to work, servers down or running slowly.
Confidentiality issues.

What are assets?

User IT Operations
Staff
Connectivity
Documentation
Security Systems
Third parties
Paper
Files
Media, like disk, CD's and USB drives.
File, Web, EMAIL, Storage, Application servers
Anything of value to the company.

Hackers like to get there hands on all information no matter how unimportant it may seem it can be used to filter out more information.

How do you protect yourself against threats and protect your assets?

Have policies and procedures in place.

Employee awareness of security issues.

Software security in place

Hardware security in place.

Physical security.

Environmental Security. I.e. water level sensors.

Communication security- to protect your phone lines, and PBX systems.

Personnel security.

There is a lot of software on the internet that allows even technically challenged people to run scans on your systems to try to crack them. Anybody that knows how to search Google can easily find such tools. The way the Internet is evolving and more and more people joining the Internet the security risks increase.

Attackers gain information on your systems by doing Domain Lookups with Whois. Port scans using many available tools to find out what you're running and then do internet searches to find exploit code to crack your systems. Once they find out what applications you're running it's only a matter of time before they can crack your systems if you are not protected.

Attackers like to get information on your Domain Names, IP addresses, then they will scan your network looking for live hosts. This can be accomplished with tools like NMAP by Fyodor http://www.nmap.com . By using a tool like NMAP you can send UDP, ICMP, and TCP packets. This is done to identify host by looking at responses.

At this point attackers find out what applications are being used, or any information the host is willing to give out. The more services you have running the more opportunities for someone to remotely exploit your hosts. This can be very time consuming for the attacker. The goal is to find out what OS platforms are being run. Are they Unix, Microsoft Windows or Apple Mac OS? From here it easy much easier for someone to look for shellcode to use against your system.

Benjamin Hargis CEO

Phuture Networks

http://www.phuturenetworks.com

Making Music With Your Computer

Writen by Robert Fischer

Up until a few years ago, making music meant a massive investment in time and money. Those days are fortunately gone now, you can use your computer to record and edit your vocals or instruments, and burn a CD of your work afterwards, ready to be played on your CD player.

In order to make music with your computer, the minimum you need is a soundcard and good software. Modern computers usually ship with a built-in soundcard already, which is sufficient to start with - just connect an amplifier or headphones to it. Nearly all soundcards have Mic In/Line in connectors as well, so if you wish to record vocals or instruments, you only need to purchase a microphone and connect that. Although some soundcards come bundled with a microphone already, those are usually of poor quality and not suitable for decent music production. Thus a good idea here is to seek advice in your local music store.

Next you need to find good music software. Fortunately there is a lot of applications available for all common computer platforms, no matter if you are using Windows, Linux or Mac OS X. To find good applications for your platform, type something like "Music Software for PC" into your favourite search engine.

A good idea is to start with free software, then move on to commercial software once you got the hang of it and your requirements grow. You might also want to look at the applications that are given away for free on cover CDs of music magazines, or those that come bundled with your soundcard. Some music software developers give away older, discontinued or feature-limited versions of their software for free. Often such software is more capable than software which has always been distributed for free.

Robert Fischer is a music composer and writer. He occasionally works as a freelancer for Synapse Audio Software, creating demonstration material for their music software.

Be Prepared In The Event Computer Disaster Strikes

Writen by S. Housley

Computers

Businesses and individuals alike have all grown to rely on computers. The reliance is never more apparent than when something happens to the horrid little box that makes our lives easier. We expect computers to react a certain way, in certain situations. It nearly always comes as a surprise when the beloved little box, know as a computer, refuses to boot up. Probably even more shocking, is the dawning that we've neglected to backup or prepare for the unforeseen disaster that has just been thrust upon us.

Regardless of the number of times you have experienced the dread of being unable to access the information trapped in the god-awful computerized contraption, we are always invariably unprepared.

The reality of it is that computers, not only contain moving parts, but they like other machines, they are prone to failure at some point in their lives. Not only can hardware failures occur, but viruses can also corrupt data making it impossible to retrieve. Regardless of the litany of words used to bully the box into behaving, the truth is that the only offence is a good defense.

So how do you prepare for a computer tragedy?

Prepare for the Worst

In structuring an offense it's important to realize the power of reinforcements: backups are invaluable and will save countless hours of shameless degradation. Be sure that you backup data and files on a regular basis, there are a number of tools that will automate the process.

It is critical that you check the backup log to ensure that a backup was completed properly. I cannot begin to describe the devastation felt when it is realized that though there was a backup process in place, the backup never actually occurred. Realizing this during a restore is likely to push any computer lover over the edge. It is a good idea to store a weekly back up off site. This is especially helpful, if an unforeseen fire or a natural disaster strikes.

Protection is critical!

Build A Wall

If the computer has Internet access, either a hardware or software firewall (or combination there of) must be used. The firewall creates a barrier between a computer and the world. Without a firewall, Internet worms are capable of exploiting security holes and are able to create what are referred to as 'back doors'. These back doors can then be used to gain access to personal information stored on the computer, including password files, and financial information.

Trust No One

If you are an avid Internet surfer or downloader be sure to scan any downloads prior to opening or installing. Up to date anti-virus software should be used to ensure, that computers do not become infected with malicious viruses that will ruin your life. Scan any email attachments prior to opening regardless of whom they are from. Files that end with .scr, .pif and .exe can contain viruses that will wreak havoc with your data and emotional well being.

Preparedness goes a long way, and a little foresight will ensure that, while a computer might be an inconvenience, you will not be defeated.

Preparation Resources

Anti-virus Software -http://www.military-software.com/anti-virus-software.htm

Firewalls - http://www.monitoring-software.net/intrusion-detection-software.htm

About The Author

Sharon Housley manages marketing for NotePage, Inc. http://www.notepage.net a company specializing in alphanumeric paging, SMS and wireless messaging software solutions. Other sites and additional articles can be found at http://www.softwaremarketingresource.com , and http://www.small-business-software.net

Protecting The Screens Of Ipods And Other Small Portable Electronic Devices

Writen by Ron Conner

No matter how careful you are, without dependable protection the screens on all portable electronic devices will get scratched. The fact that we use the devices in our active daily lives puts them in constant danger of being scratched.

One of the best ways to protect them is now available through a company named Clear View Skins the skins that they offer are nearly invisible and they will provide your portable electronic devices with an unbeatable amount of protection against scratches without changing their size, shape or appearance.

The film that the Clear View Skins screen protectors are made from was originally developed to protect the leading edges of military helicopter blades.

The quality of the film that is used to produce the Clear View Skins and the fact every Clear View Skins screen protector is specifically designed to fit the individual electronic device makes them the perfect screen protector for all of your portable electronic devices.

The Clear View Skins screen protectors will fit in most carrying cases, providing an extra measure of protection while allowing you to remove the device from the carrying case to charge it in a dock or play it through a home speaker system.

If you are looking for dependable protection for your portable electronic device at an affordable price check them out at: (http://www.clearviewskins.com).

Comparing Ipod And Mp3 Players Is There A Difference

Writen by Mike Singh

According to the latest market studies, the iPod has sold over 1.5 million units as compared to the other MP3 players. The iPod video 30gb holds over 15,000 songs, 25,000 photos, or 150 hours of video with a battery life of 14 hours for music, and two hours for videos. This is exciting when we think about having no choices a few years ago, or carrying around a lot of CDs. Of course, we could always listen to the car stereo! But when a person is out shopping for a MP3 player, is the iPod really any better?

First of all, we need to understand that the iPod is an MP3 player, not that iPods and MP3 players are identical and in competition. A good rule of thumb to remember is this: when you look for a DVR, you don't say you are looking for a DVR. For example, you say you are looking for a Tivo. An analogy would be this - when you go to buy a carbonated beverage or soda, you don't say you are looking for a carbonated beverage, you say you are looking for a Coke or a Pepsi. Both are carbonated beverages. When you look for an MP3 player, you don't say you are looking for a MP3 player - because it could be any brand, including the iPod. You say you are looking for an iPod. This, and other subtle differences, is the difference between an iPod and an MP3 player. And when recognizing this, understand that of all the negative reviews of any of the MP3 players, all the complaints of errors were 95% user errors - not reading what the item was actually capable of doing.

The iPod is the most popular MP3 player out there. This is not even open for discussion. Owned by celebrities in the Rolling Stone Magazine or on Entertainment Tonight, you never see them talking about the benefits and features of their Creative Labs or iRiver, other brands of the MP3 players. Why? Because it is not considered "hip" or "cool" to talk about anything other than an iPod. It HAS to be an iPod for a person to fit in, to be with it, and to be accepted as one of the leaders in MP3 players.

But then, don't most of us grow up? We begin to see all options that fit our needs, not just what is hip. We begin to see ourself as an individual, not just as one of a group - with no separate identity. We pass through Junior High and High school, and head into college, begin a family, or just get on with life. And with this, we begin to see the benefits of more affordable MP3 players, not just one. We begin to look at what we want in a MP3 player beside a brand name.

The most important focus for most buyers who are paying their own bills is money. The iPods are very expensive, with a nonreplacable battery that loses its resiliency in about a couple years. And if money is issues with the ol' pocket ... consider how much extra space you can get for your dollar by going with a different brand name than iPod. If the price tag on the iPod 60GB player is $399 and the price tag on the Toshiba 60GB player is $249, then a person has something to consider. Another option could be the MP3 CD players, which offer more megabytes per dollar with CDs that hold 10 hours of music each. Some people get hung up on the fact it is not a hard drive-based player, while others feel it is comparable enough to go for the extra saved money. It's all about choice.

Additionally, the iPod video and audio formats can sometimes cause problems with people who like to use certain types of media formats. Apple uses a few exclusive types of video and audio formats, like the AAC-encoded files, because they are Apple where other manufacturers use multiple formats to become more attractive to the consumer. Many reviews consider this an extremely negative drawback to the iPod, as they feel "hemmed in". Other MP3 players allow the choice of "BuyMusic", "Musicmatch", or "Napster". Most MP3 players support a wide range musical service choices. Make sure you investigate what formats are supported by iPod and other manufacturers you are considering, it could make or break your purchase.

Apple's iPod is the industry leader for a reason, because they make tremendous products, but that doesn't mean that there aren't other great products on the market. With many drawback such as a high price, review complaints of limited support, limited memory, limited types of music that can be recorded or played, or with unlimited ability to record online music. Other brands to look would be Rio, Creative, Samsung or Dell - it may be time to do a comparison study!

Check out http://www.mp3playertop.com/ for more articles on mp3 players tutorial and ipod mini accessories.

Do You Know How To Remove Spyware From Your Computer

Writen by Philippa Smith

Spyware is rapidly becoming a major problem for Internet users. It is estimated that 9 out of 10 computers are infected with spyware or ad ware or both. Spyware may be responsible for 50 % of all computer crashes. Spyware runs silently and you may not be aware that your every move on the Internet is being observed and recorded.

If a user does not detect and remove spy ware from his computer, all his files may get infected and it may stop working. All his passwords, credit card numbers and other personal information may be stolen before he can realize what is going on. Once spyware has been removed, the computer will run much faster. It is worth while you to find and use the best spyware removal software available.

Features Of Good Spyware Removal Software A few features to consider, while searching for spyware removal software products, are:

* It should offer complete protection from spyware, key loggers, remote acess Trojans (RATS), browser hijackers and ad ware.

* A good spyware program will offer automatic updates, to provide protection from the latest spy ware threats.

* The spyware product should offer technical support, so you can call or e-mail someone, if you have a technical problem.

* A good customer service back up also shows that the manufacturer can be trusted to look after the needs of the customer in the long run.

How Does It Work?

It is very difficult to find and remove spyware software from a computer manually. Spyware protection software detects and removes spyware and ad ware from your computer automatically. It can also protect your computer from data thieves, hackers, malicious e-mail and other threats.

There are many free spyware protection software products available. These programs can be used to detect and remove spyware and adware that is already present in your computer. Many types of spyware, install themselves on your computer again, after you have deleted them.

Free spyware removal programs can help you to assess the problem. A permanent solution may be to get the best spyware solution product available.

Click to find a daily updated blog of articles and news about spyware ! Get advice and information about how to protect your computer from attack, and disinfect it.. Click http://www.spyware-101.com/

Sony Mp3 Players

Writen by Brian Lupichuk

Sony Mp3 Players have earned the status of being one of the best players on the market. The Sony Mp3 Players are quite versatile for style, looks, and of course accessories. With the Sony mp3 players you can choose from either the Hard drive player, Flash Memory player, MP3 CD player, or the Mini Disc player. Sony mp3 players come in a good affordable price range from $100 to $300.

Lots of the Mp3 players with hard drive storage can hold up to 13,000 songs. This is perfect for those who need large storage capacity. Some players even provide rechargeable batteries, USB cords, LCD screens, and AC power adapter for charging when needed.

The Flash memory, Sony mp3 players have large storage capacity too. But flash players are smaller than hard drive players. Flash memory players range in size from around 512 MB to over 1GB. This means about 300 to 700 songs. Rechargeable batteries come with this player for up to 50 hours of music. Rechargeable batteries are so very handy and do not take long to recharge back up.

The CD Walkman is a great choice when you are considering buying a Sony mp3 player. The CD Walkman is reasonably priced for your budget, and it probably can hold all your audio music needs from you homemade CDs. And always check to make sure the CD player or mp3 players meets you needs. The CD Walkman comes with rechargeable batteries, skip protection, and some even com with accessories, software, and some with even water resistant cases. Perfect for around the pool or at the beach.

With Sony Mp3 Players you should include the Mini disc player. Lots of the Mini Disc players have functions that allow you to view and store photos as well as MP3s. This can be done with todays technogoly. Simply with combining a digital camera and an Mp3 Player. This is such a cool feature in the mp3 technology world today

Brian Lupichuk invites you to World of mp3 players an information site focused on MP3 Players.

Improving Your Pcs Performance By Cleaning The Registry

Writen by Glenn Haertlein

Chances are that if you have used your Windows PC for any length of time, you've noticed that its performance isn't as snappy as it once was. Some of the slowdown in performance could just be simple wear and tear. Some could be caused by a lack of space on the hard drive from all the programs you've installed. A large part of it could be problems in your Windows System Registry.

Windows System Registry? What's that?

The system registry is a database used by Windows to store everything it 'knows' about your PC. In one sense it's a map containing the locations of every file and program on your computer. In another sense, it's a history book, keeping track of every program installed, modified, or removed during the life of your PC. In yet another sense, it's a photo album containing 'snapshots' of your computer's present condition.

All the programs on your PC use the system registry to store information, receive instructions, and to make modifications. All of this is done 'on the fly,' with programs and processes all running to the system registry for information. Picture the registry as a very busy secretary with all kinds of demands made on its time and resources. It's very easy to see that after a while, that database of information can become bloated and disorganized.

Any number of things can lead to registry problems including regular usage, improper shutdowns, and programs that fail to properly uninstall.

How can cleaning the registry help?

In order to keep your computer running at its best, its system registry needs to be reorganized every now and then—about once a week. Again, imagine the busy secretary. In order to meet the needs of everyone coming into the office, it helps if all the information was organized and easy to find, but with everyone coming into the office all the time, that's hard to do. Sometimes information gets duplicated. Sometimes it gets misplaced. Sometimes, it might even be lost all together! All of that can result in slower system performance. Taking the time to 'straighten up the office,' or clean the registry will help improve performance.

What are some of the signs that a good registry cleaning is necessary?

Signs of a registry in need of repair include:

• slow boot up
• system hang-ups at start up or shutdown
• error messages during boot up
• error messages during shutdown
• missing .dll or .exe error messages
• failure to boot
• individual programs hanging up, freezing, or crashing
• system-wide crashes

The list can go on and on, and sometimes can be misdiagnosed as a virus problem. In fact, viruses can also cause problems with the system registry. If a virus scan does not fix your PC's problem, a system registry cleaning is most likely in order. How do I clean the system registry?

When it comes to cleaning your Windows system registry, you have two choices: you can do it yourself, or you can use a system registry cleaning program to do the work for you. The first choice—doing it yourself—is cheapest in the short run, but not recommended. Going through the registry yourself is a tedious process, and unless you know what it is you are looking for, it can also be very dangerous. You could end up rendering the system registry invalid and that could prevent your PC from booting up at all. It could even require that you completely reformat your hard drive and start from scratch. The cost in time, lost data and frustration just isn't worth the effort.

Using a good registry cleaner with features you can manage is definitely the better options.

What will a good registry cleaner do?

A good registry cleaner will do the following:

• check/repair application paths and shortcuts
• check/repair shared program paths
• check/repair file associations
• check/repair Active X controls
• fix your Add/Remove programs file
• check help, font, and most recent files
• check/repair shared DLL files
• check startup programs
• describe problems
• backup your registry

Cleaning the registry should be a regular part of your system's maintenance along with defragmenting your hard drive, and scanning for viruses. By including a regular system registry cleaning in your regular maintenance, your can keep your PC in top condition for a long time to come. Is your PC slowing down? Need a good registry cleaner? Do a free scan of your registry with Error Nuker. Visit www.ProjectVectus.com/utilities

======================= This article may be used on the web as long as it is presented unchanged and in its entirety along with this entire resource box. For other uses, please contact the author at glenn@imglenn.net. Glenn is a freelance writer and online entrepreneur. Is your PC slowing down? Need a good registry cleaner? Do a free scan of your registry with Error Nuker. Visit http://www.SoftwareVector.com =======================

Favorite Things To Do With Home Technology

Writen by Jennifer Shatos

Save money. Save 10-15% on utility bills per month. Work with products that have a good value now, but also save money throughout the ownership of the home. Get energy savings through lighting management, irrigation control, solar energy, and temperature control. Lower monthly bills—how can you say no to that?

Enjoy the comfort of your home. Avoid crowds, uncomfortable seats, and the rising cost of going to the movies. Design a dedicated home theater with rumbling chairs, kick-ass sound, and of course—sound proof! Or, utilize a multi- purpose room to enjoy movies with the whole family.

Rest assured. Know your family is safe while at work loging on via the web. Receive email messages when your kids get home from school and disarm the system. See video of who is at your door, or just use sensors to let you know when someone is trying to enter unannounced.

Getting a little soggy? Be warned when a leak is threatening to turn into a flood. Some systems can detecat as little as 1/8 inch of water and alert you by phone.

Baby it's cold outside. Call from the airport and bring temperatures back up via cell phone call or your PDA. Never come home to a cold house again!

Having a party? One click of a button and you can have music, lighting, and temperature set just how you like it! Set similar scenes for dinner, movies, romantic evenings, and whatever else you can think of!

Bumps in the night. Immediately hit the "all lights on" button and illuminate your whole home!

Document it. Installation of wiring is essential to every project. Although the wiring is going to get closed up in the walls, it should also be prepared for future upgrades. Document what you do so you know exactly where the original wires begin, end, and how they connect to current components.

Holiday lights. Help control your utility bill by turning lights on at sunset, and off at a designated time.

Has it rained? Don't waste water the lawn if it's rained in the last 48 hours. Let your automation and irrigation systems work it out amongst themselves.

©2005 Architechtronics, Inc.

Did you enjoy this article? Receive other exclusive articles & stay on the cutting- edge of home automation & technology! Join "The EDGE" today—it's free! http://www.architechtronics.com/edge.html

Jennifer Shatos holds a degree in Visual Communications Specializing in Graphic Design from the Art Institute of Seattle. Jennifer frequently attends educational seminars to keep on the cutting-edge of business, along with trade shows and other events in the home automation and security industry.

Visit http://www.architechtronics.com for more information.

Have A Look Inside The New Ipod Nano

Writen by Lance Winslow

Isn't technology cool and what is cooler than the tiny little Apple iPod Nano? Not much say the techy elite! Do you ever wonder how they accomplish this technological magic? Many do, of course we are told if we open it up to take a look, we void the warranty completely. Well that is just what a couple of techno gurus did at MIT and it is amazing the components inside and how small they really are. I mean this is far out; look for your self:

http://www.technologyreview.com/InfoTech/wtr_16058,294,p1.html

Mr. Christopher Harting has displayed the components all laid out for you like a schematic with this digital picture. It shows the little one point five inch LCD display, a masterpiece and marvel in technology itself. Also you can see the little battery, can you believe that little thing can run the iPod Nano for six solid hours; impressive indeed. Of course also enclosed is the massive memory chip, which can store more songs than you care to record. Of course in looking at all this you can certainly see why you would not want to accidentally drop this little high-priced in the toilet.

Who says the United States cannot design the best and most innovative products and produce the best technology in the World? One look at the guts of the iPod Nano and you can see what American ingenuity is all about. When there is a will, there is a way and let's face it the iPod Nano is here to stay!

Lance Winslow

Buy A Better Mp3 Player By Learning What All The Extra Features Are That Come With New Mp3 Models

Writen by Tim Gorman

MP3 players are all the rage especially with teenagers. The ability to carry your favorite songs around with you wherever you go is cool. But selecting the type, model and features that best suits your needs can be a challenge at best and many times a rather frustrating experience.

The attractiveness of MP3 players is seen by the fact that there are hundreds of models to pick from. This diversity includes with it various selections of which might be perplexing to the typical purchaser. Never fear – here we will show you all the data you will require to make a knowledgeable choice about buying your MP3 player. We will start with the basics and move on to more technical issues so you can make better choices and, in turn, enjoy your MP3 Player more.

There are fundamentally two kinds of transportable audio players - flash memory or hard drive. You will also find portable CD players, but these are a less attractive option because they have troubles with audio skipping. So, memory is going to be one of the larges deciding factors here.

The chief divergence involving flash memory and hard drive MP3 players is their memory storage capability. Hard drives usually have quite a lot more storage capacity than that of flash memory, so if you have thousands of songs that you want to accumulate on your MP3 player, you are almost certainly better off with a hard drive. The difference between memory is in storage ability and playability.

The chief disadvantage to hard drives is that they have problems with skipping and audio dropouts. The situation is not as relentless as with CD drives, and the equipment is getting better all the time and the engineering is better able to decrease this. But the fact is that if you use your hard drive MP3 player at the same time as you are jogging or doing further dynamic movement, you are apt to get dropouts. If vigorous exercise is not a concern of yours than the greater capacity of the hard drive might be your best bet.

Flash memory MP3 players, on the other hand, are entirely secure even during the most challenging circumstances. That is, since there are no moving parts to move around - the audio files are stored in computer memory. So, it is between storage capacity and quality of the music in terms of skipping when jarred. Both types allow for advanced feature to be used with them.

Both flash and hard drive MP3 players can be useful as data storage devices as well as for audio playback. Computer information can be moved to and from the MP3 player allowing for easy moving. If this is a trait that you are concerned with, the additional ability of a hard drive MP3 player lets you to accumulate more files.

So, how many files do you think you want to store? What are the storage abilities of the two types of MP3 players? The upper limit of flash players is about 4 Gigabytes, and hard drives up to 100 GB are obtainable.

Various MP3 Player File Formats Practically all portable audio players are proficient at playing MP3 files, but that is not the only kind of file compression design obtainable for audio files. WMA files are very well-liked, and the Apple iPod uses the AAC format. Both of these formats offer superior sound excellence and lesser file sizes than MP3.

As we just discussed, there are at least 3 formats to choose from. Format is of lesser consideration since they all have superior quality. Audio files can be changed from one format to a different format, but conversion can be an inconvenient extra step for most people. Be sure to choose a portable audio player that supports the file format you are most likely to use.

Other Features Of The MP3 Player

The type of routing scheme on any MP3 player is a key purchasing concern. The ease of which an individual can locate a particular file, particularly on a hard drive, is of utmost significance since a hard drive might have thousands of songs. Also, an easy to see screen and uncomplicated controls will let you locate songs proficiently.

A lot of portable audio players have additional features such as FM radio, a integrated microphone for voice recording, outputs for linking the portable player to a home stereo system, and color displays for presentation of photos or album art. Numerous of the most recent production of players hold video playback.

The list of extra features might help you decide on the particular type of MP3 player you want. Think about what particular extra features you are probably going to want. This consideration will expedite the process of reducing your choices and will make it less difficult to locate the perfect MP3 player.

Do you like the ability to change face plates? Or how about choices of colors, is that a consideration? You see this is still not going to be an easy choice but now you have a better understanding of what is out there and the knowledge to talk about this to a sales person.

In fact, you might know more now than the sales person who waits on you! Now that is a real advantage and a new sensation! Go make that sales person sweat a little! Show your knowledge about format and capacity and features of each type!

So, now maybe you can go out and find your MP3 player of choice and have hours of listening pleasure by being able to listen to your favorite songs and go anywhere you want too! You will be able to have the features you want since you are in a better buying position with your new knowledge.

For more up to date information on MP3 players to include MP3 player accessories, MP3 player features, batteries, cases and an extensive Apple iPod overview please visit Hot-Deals-On-MP3-Players.info

Thermal Plants

Writen by Lalit Bansal

SWITCHYARD and GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE

Electrical energy management system ensures supply of energy to every consumer at all times at rated voltage, frequency and specified waveform, at lowest cost and minimum environmental degradation. The switchgear, protection and network automation are integral parts of the modern energy management system and national economy.

The modern 3-ph, 50 Hz, AC interconnected system has several conventional and non-conventional power plants, EHV AC and HVDC Transmission system, Back to Back HVDC coupling stations, HV Transmission network, substations, MV and LV Distribution systems and connected electrical loads. The energy in electrical form is supplied to various consumers located in vast geographical area, instantly, automatically, and safely with required quality at all times. The service continuity and high quality of power supply have become very important.

For fulfilling the foresaid purpose, a state of the art, scientifically and technologically advanced SUBSTATION is required. Sub-Station is the load control center of the thermal plant where power at rated voltage, frequency and waveform is exported/imported as per requirements.

The substation at GHTP Lehra Mohabat has only one 220 KV switchyard. There are two output units each having a capacity of 210 MW. The generating voltage is limited to 15.75 KV and this voltage as stepped up by two-generator transformer 15.75/220 KV manufactured by BHEL. A part of 15.75 KV supply is fed to unit auxiliary transformer, which is stepped down to voltage 6.6 KV which is used to run the major auxiliaries of the plant.

After step up, the 220 KV output from the generator transformer is fed to either of the two bus bars through relays and circuit breakers and these are connected to various feeders through various equipments. DIFFERENT TYES OF EQUIPMENTS USED IN SUB-STATIONS

1. BUS-BARS: -

Bus bar is a term used for main bar of conductor carrying an electric current to which many connections may be made. These are mainly convenient means of connecting switches and other equipments into various arrangements.

At GNDTP there are two 220 KV bus bars. These are made of aluminium and all the incoming and outgoing supplies are connected through the bus bars.

2. LIGHTENING ARRESTORS: -

These are equipments designed to protect insulators of power lines and electrical installations from lightening surges by diverting the surge to earth and instantly restoring the circuit insulation to its normal strength with respect to earth.

3. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS: -

The main purpose of current transformer is to step down the current to a level that the indicating and monitoring instruments can read. When rated current flows through its primary winding, a current of nearly 1 amp will appear in its secondary winding.

The primary is so connected that the current being passes through it and secondary winding is connected to an ammeter. The CT steps down the current to the level of the ammeter.

4. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER: -

These are used to step do the voltage to a level that the potential coils of indicating and monitoring instruments can read. These are also used to feed the potential coils of relays. The primary winding is connected to the voltage being measured and the secondary winding to a voltmeter. The PT steps down the voltage to the level of the voltmeter.

5. POWER TRANSFORMER: -

These are used to step up down the voltage from one a.c voltage to another a.c voltage level at the same frequency. Shunt reactor in EHV substations is to provide reactive power compensation during low loads.

6. WAVE TRAP: -

Wave trap is used to prevent high frequency signals from entering other zones.

7. INDICATING AND METERING INSTRUMENTS: -

Ammeters, voltmeters, watt meters, KWH meters, KVAR meters are installed in sub-station to watch over the currents flowing in the circuit and the voltages and the power loads.

8. ISOLATORS: -

One of the cardinal measures for ensuring full safety in carrying out work on equipment in electrical installations is to disconnect reliably the unit or the section on which the work is to be done from all other live parts of the installation. To guard against mistakes, it is necessary that apparatus, which makes a visible break in the circuit such as isolators, should do this.

Isolators do not have arc control devices therefore cannot be used to interrupt currents at which the arc will be drawn across the contacts. The open arc in these is very dangerous, in that it will not only damage the isolator or the equipment surrounding it but will also cause the flashover between the phase in other words, it will result in short circuit in the installation i.e. why isolators are used only for disconnecting parts after de-energizing them by opening their respective circuits by use of their circuit breakers.

9. EARTHING SWITCHES: -

Earthing switch is used to discharge the voltage on dead lines to earth. An auxiliary switch to provide interlock always accomplishes it.

10. CIRCUIT BREAKERS: -

Circuit breakers are mechanical devices designed to close o open contact or electrical circuit under normal or abnormal conditions. CB is equipped with a strip coil directly attached to relay or other means to operate in abnormal conditions such as over power etc. In GNDTP three types of CB are used. SF6 CB is used to control 220 KV in switchyard. VCB are used to control 6.6kv in switchgear & ABCB are used to control 415 KV in switchgear.

In sulphar puffer type SF6 CB is filled with SF6 gas at single pressure (4to6kgf/cm2). The pressure and gas flow required for arc extinction is obtained by piston action.

In double pressure type SF6 CB the gas from high-pressure system is released to into low-pressure system over the arc during the arc quenching process.

SPECIFICATIONS OF CB TYPE ELF-SL4-1

S. NO. SPECIFICATIONS RATINGS

1. Voltage 245KV

2. Normal current 3150 A

3. Lightening impulse withstand Voltage 1050V

4. Switching impulse withstand voltage 1050V

5. Short circuit breaking current 40KA

6. Short circuit withstand current And duration 40KA 3 sec

7. Line charging breaking current 125A

8. Operating sequence - First pole to clear factor 1.3

9. Supply voltage 220 V dc

10. Auxiliary circuit supply voltage 240 V dc

11. Air pressure 20.5 bar

12. Frequency 50 HZ

13. Mass 3800 kg

14. Rated current 1600 A

11. VARIOUS OTHER EQUIPMENTS

Shunt capacitors are used to provide compensation to reactive loads of lagging power factor.

Series reactors are used to reduce the short circuit current or starting currents. Neutral grounding resistors are used to limit the earth fault current.

Coupling capacitors are used to provide connection between high voltage line and power line carrier equipment.

Operating Voltage 230 V Rated current 2000 A Minimum short circuit current in bus bars 40 KV Minimum phase to phase clearance 2.5 M Number of horizontal levels of tubular bus bar/flexible bus bars 2.0 M Height of tubular bus-bar of first level above ground 6 m Height of tubular bus-bar of second level above ground 4 m Tubular aluminium bus bar AL ASTMB241 4"IPS (International pipe standard)

VARIOUS SUBSYSTEMS IN SUBSTATIONS AND THEIR FUNCTION

S.NO. SYSTEM FUNCTION

1. Substation Earthing (Grounding) System - Earth mat - Earthing spikes - Earthing risers To provide an earth mat for connecting neutral points, equipment body, support structures to earth. For safety of personnel and for enabling earth fault protection. To provide the for discharging the earth currents neutrals, faults, surge arrestors over-head shielding wires etc. with safe step- Potential and touch potential.

2. Overhead earth wire shielding or lightning To protect the outdoor substation equipment from lightning strokes.

3. Illumination system (lightning) - For switchyards - Buildings - Roads, etc. To provide illumination for vigilance, operation and maintenance.

4. Protection system - Protection relay panels - Control cables - Circuit breakers - CT's, PT's, etc. To provide alarm or automatic tripping of faulty part from healthy part and also to minimize damage to faulty equipment and associated system.

5. Control cabling For protective circuits, control circuits, metering circuits.

6. Power cables To provide supply path to various auxiliary equipments and machines.

7. PLCC system power line carrier current system - Line trap - Coupling capacitor - PLCC panels For communications, telemetry, tele control power line carrier protection, etc.

8. Fire fighting system - Sensors, detection system - Water spray system - Fire protection control Panels To sense the occurrence of fire by sensors and to initiate water power spray, to disconnect power supply to affected region to pin point location of fire by indication in control room.

9. J Cooling water system - Coolers - Water tanks This system is required for cooling the valves in HVDC substation.

10. DC batteries sets and battery chargers Auxiliary low voltage DC supply.

11. Auxiliary stand by power System - Diesel generator sets - Switch gear - Distribution system For supplying starting power, stand by power for auxiliaries.

12. Telephone system For internal and external Communication.

12. BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT IN SWITCHYARDS

There are several ways in witch the switchyard can be connected in the electrical layout of generating station, receiving station or a switchgear in a distribution system. The following aspects in general affect the selection of the scheme:

1. Degree of flexibility of operations desired.
2. Importance of load and local conditions.
3. Economic conditions, availability, and cost.
4. Technical conditions.
5. Maintenance, safety of personnel.
6. Simplicity.
7. Provision of extension.
8. Protective zones.

DUPLICATE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT

The duplicate bus bar system provides additional flexibility, continuity of supply and permits periodic maintenance without total shut down. In the event of fault o n one bus the other bus can be used.

While transferring the power to the reserve bus, the following steps may be performed:

1. Close tie circuit breaker, i.e. bus coupler. The two buses are now at the same potential. 2. Close isolators on reserve bus starting from far end. 3. Open isolators o9n main bus starting from far end.

Each pole of the circuit breaker comprises one or more interrupts or arc extinguishing chambers. The interrupts are mounted on support insulators. The interrupts enclose a set of fixed and moving contact. The moving contacts can be drawn apart by means of the operating links of the operating mechanism. The operating mechanism of the circuit breaker gives necessary energy for opening and closing of contacts of the circuit breaker.

13. RELAYS

Relay is a device by means of which an electric circuit (trip or alarm circuit) is controlled (closed) by change in the other circuit. Relays are automatic. The function of relay in power supply system is to recognize a start out and to initiate the operation of CB or other devices to isolate the defective elements with minimum disturbance to the normal power supply system. The must operate at required speed and stability to prevent the current and voltage to exceed their limits.

A few relays with their international codes are mentioned below:

S. NO. CODES TYPES

1. 27 Instantaneous under voltage relay

2. 99 Composite motor protection relay

3. 64 Earth fault relay

4. 87M Differential relay for motors

5. 50N Earth fault relays with times for time delayed operation

6. 95 Fuse failure relay

7. 80 Auxiliary supply for DC supervision

8. 80B DC supply control supervision

9. 80A Relay for mains

10. 500/L Triple pole over current definite term

11. 98 Trip circuit supervision relay

12. 87 Triple pole circulating current

13. 63 Auxiliary relay for transformer fault indication

14. 33B Auxiliary relay for stop

15. 25 Check synchronizing relay

16. 52SC Instantaneous high set over current relay

17. 2B Static time delay relay

18. 51RYB Single pole (IDMTL) Inverse definite Minimum time over current relay.

THE FAULT CLEARING PROCESS

During abnormal or faulty conditions the relays sense the fault and close the trip circuit of the circuit breaker.

As the relay contact close, the trip circuit is closed and the operating mechanism of the CB opens and an arc is drawn between them. The arc is extinguished at some natural current zero of a.c. wave.

o Fault Occurs: - As the fault occurs the fault impedance being low, the currents increase and the relay get actuated. The moving part of the relay moves because of the increase in the operating torque. The relay takes some time to close its contacts.

o Relay contacts close, the trip CB closes and trip coil is energized.

o The operating mechanism starts operating for the opening operations. The CB contacts separate.

o Arc is drawn between the breaker contacts. The arc extinguished in the CB by suitable techniques. The current reaches final zero as the arc is extinguished.

SWITCHGEAR

The switchgear constitutes all parts or equipments of power plant whose function is to receive and distribute electric power. It comprises of the following:

· Assemblies of switching apparatus
· Protective and indicating metering devices
· Interconnecting bus bar systems and relevant accessories

Functions of Switchgear: -

The functions performed by switchgear are listed below: -

· To facilitate redistribution of load, inspection and maintenance of system. · To localize the effects of faults by operation of protective equipment so automatically disconnect faulty part from the system. · To break efficiently short circuits without giving rise to dangerous conditions.

The switchgear has the responsibility of transmitting the power from the generator to the grid. However plant also needs power for its working. It is mandatory not to use more than 10% of the power developed by the plant. So that all the auxiliaries and lightening system of the plant must be designed in such a way that there consumption is in the limit.

There are two bus bars placed in ducts, which supply power to the switchgear and are fed by two station transformers ST-I and ST-II. The rating of these identical bus bars is 6.6 KV, 3150 Amps, 50 Hz. These are known as C-I and C-II station buses respectively. The material of conductor is Aluminium. C-I station bus feeds US-IA & US-2A buses and C-II feeds US-IB & US-2B buses. C-I & C-II buses are also interlinked. These unit service buses feed the different kinds of load.

The auxiliary voltage for the ac supply system is 6.6 KV and 415 V. 6.6 KV supply system is provided with high resistance grounded neutral with provision of alarm/ trip. 415V auxiliary supply system has solidly/high resistance earthed neutral. All the electric motors of 150 KW rating or below are rated at 415 V and motors above 160 KW are rated at 6.6 KV.

GENERAL ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES IN THE PLANT

Electrical Auxiliary System

· AC Auxiliary supply system
· DC supply system

AC auxiliary supply system is used to feed all the AC auxiliaries installed in the plant.

The DC supply system which consists of 220 V DC, 110 V DC, +/- 24 V DC, 48 V DC etc. is used for control supplies as required for system control and protection equipment.

By: LALIT BANSAL